Engineering the Financialization of Urban Entrpreneurialism: The JESSICA Urban Development Initiative in the European Union

Urban entrepreneurialism and neoliberal urban governance are assuming new forms under finance‐dominated accumulation. We examine and contribute to theorizing the mechanisms through which urban governance is financialized, taking as a case study JESSICA, one of the European Union's initiatives to implement an ‘urban sensitive’ policy for sustainable and integrated development. Like other initiatives promoting financialization, JESSICA deploys the logic of finance to select and fund urban social initiatives and development projects on the basis of their potential return on investment (ROI). Understanding this process requires placing questions of political economy—how urban governance is shaped by the broader political‐economic context—with questions of governmentality—how stakeholders are enrolled in and come to take for granted new governance initiatives. Following the multi‐scalar institutional infrastructure is crucial to understanding how this works. Taking a relational multi‐scalar approach, we trace how changes at the supranational scale filter down to shape urban policy selection and performance in Sofia, Bulgaria, where we document how ROI calculations conflict with social welfare priorities. Contrasts between the trajectory of financialization of urban governance in the European Union and the United States demonstrate how this is geographically variegated, shaped by the broader context/conjuncture within which such financialization is embedded.     

深度休闲对主观幸福感的影响研究——以苏南地区城市居民为例

深度休闲对优化苏南地区休闲产业建设,进一步提升居民休闲生活质量有重要影响。文章通过问卷调查的方式收集苏南地区城市居民深度休闲行为的数据,研究苏南地区城市居民深度休闲行为特征及深度休闲对主观幸福感的影响。结果发现:(1)苏南地区城市居民进行深度休闲活动的场所主要为户外;(2)闲暇时间不足是限制苏南地区城市居民进行深度休闲活动的主要因素;(3)苏南地区城市居民的深度休闲活动总体程度不高,愿意在深度休闲活动上投入大量时间和金钱的人更是少数;(4)苏南地区城市居民从事深度休闲活动产生的强烈认同感和坚持不懈的毅力对主观幸福感有着显著的积极影响。     

城市基础设施与居民消费水平——基于线上线下协同的促进机制

优化城市基础设施对于提升居民消费水平具有积极意义。交通与通讯两类基础设施对居民线上、线下消费的影响存在差异。在普及网购的同时改善城市居民出行条件，使实体店在展示产品、现场体验等方面与电商形成互补，将有助于实现线上、线下渠道的积极互动。以2011—2016年全国近300个地级市构建的面板数据进行计量分析，验证了基础设施对居民消费的促进作用，并发现当前交通、通讯两类设施的交互作用主要体现为协同效应。进一步的研究表明，以完善基础设施支持线上、线下渠道共同发展，还能够适应居民家庭年龄结构变化的新特点。上述结论说明,以完善基础设施促成渠道协同，将对全面优化消费者体验、提升居民消费水平产生重要作用。     

基于大规模街景图片人工智能分析的精细化城市修补方法研究

在中国快速城镇化阶段“重量”而“轻质”的建设过程中，城市建成区尤其是老城区的景观环境产生了诸如景观视廊受阻、风貌破败等大量问题。对此，自2015年中央城市工作会议以来，各地相继开展了城市修补专项规划，以修复及更新城市建成环境，促进城市空间品质提升。然而，由于缺乏对城市环境整体效应的统筹考虑，故在城市实际修补过程中，城市局部地块的品质提升反而对城市整体品质构成负面影响。因此，在人工智能及大数据技术深度介入城市规划和设计实践探索的基础上，研究基于全卷积神经网络模型(FCN)和城市场景要素深度学习数据集，对城市景观环境中的各要素进行了大规模且高颗粒度的精确识别，同时与空间数据叠加，对复杂建成环境中的景观问题进行精确分析，并基于分析成果辅助后续城市规划设计实践，逐层递进地对城市复杂建成环境进行精细化修补。选择位于嵩山脚下的登封市作为案例，探索人工智能技术在辅助城市修补等规划领域的前瞻性应用。     

市域(郊)铁路车辆选型方案探讨

随着城镇化进程的加快和城市经济辐射能力的增强,以特大城市中心城为核心的都市圈逐渐形成,都市圈内的经济联系更加紧密,都市圈核心区与外围的出行需求迅速增长,市域(郊)铁路的概念被引进,选择符合市域(郊)铁路特点的车辆类型是设计的重点。     

Rental prices in Germany: A comparison between migrants and natives

This paper deals with the question of whether migrants pay a rent premium for apartments of comparable quality and neighborhood characteristics. We use a two-step selection-correction model augmented by a control function to account for nonrandom neighborhood choice. The estimation sample is a uniquely assembled panel comprising the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), information on household and apartment characteristics, as well as georeferenced data describing neighborhood quality. Our estimates reveal that people with migration backgrounds are not penalized in the German local rental market in terms of higher rental payments.     

新时代中国城市土地集约利用若干问题的再认识

研究目的：基于中国城市土地集约利用研究现状，面向新时代要求，重新审视与厘清城市土地集约利用理论认知、评价标准、影响机制和优化调控等基本问题，为中国土地集约利用的理论完善和实践创新提供支撑。研究方法：理论分析法和推理演绎法。研究结果：（1）城市土地集约利用在理论认知上应由“三个阶段”转向“三个时期”；（2）城市土地利用集约度的评价标准应由静态指标转向动态耦合；（3）城市土地集约利用的影响机制研究应由封闭区域转向关联传导；（4）城市土地集约利用优化调控策略应由极限集约转向最优集约。研究结论：进入新时代，城市土地集约利用理论上可实现“不增地，多增效”甚至“地减量，效增加”，未来相关研究应重点关注存量和减量规划中建设用地与经济发展之间关系的变化特征，以及国土空间规划与土地利用计划管理改革下新的城市土地集约利用问题。国家相关规程中的集约评价标准须结合区域发展阶段进行“匹配性”修正，政策制定要考虑区域间的“关联性”和“传导性”进行精准化设计，治理方案应按照最优集约度的“动态性”进行差异化调控。     

城镇群空间结构与要素集聚

依据城镇化发展过程中要素空间集聚理论，展开区域经济发展的空间经济结构研究。通过城市引力、克鲁格曼指数计算，比较分析城镇群内部城市吸引力和城市产业分布的差异性，通过人口与生产空间分布集中度指标和不一致系数的测算，分析了山西省城镇群空间要素集聚效应。研究表明，山西省的城镇群规划与要素空间集聚趋势整体一致，城市间产业分工体系基本形成，城镇群的要素集聚效应明显，但人口与生产分布仍存在不一致性。研究认为，山西省城镇群发展应该继续明确各城市的产业分工和特色，引导劳动力和资本要素的合理流动，实现人口与生产空间分布的一致。     

Polycentric development in the Cape Town city-region: Empirical assessment and consideration of spatial policy implications

The concept of the ‘polycentric urban region’ has been popularised both as a theoretical concept for understanding regional urban systems in an era of reduced transport and communication costs, and as a normative policy objective in its own right. This paper explores its relevance to the rapidly urbanising Cape Town city-region. First, empirical evidence for the emergence of polycentric regional development patterns was considered. Shifts in relative settlements sizes (morphological polycentrism) over the period 1991–2011 were examined using population data, and patterns of inter-settlement interactions (functional polycentrism) were explored by analysing commuting information. Contrary to expectations, trends toward polycentric development were found to be weak. Second, the paper considers the relevance and value of polycentric development thinking for regional economic and spatial planning policy, concluding that there are insufficient grounds for policy intervention aimed at encouraging polycentric regional development or countering the dominance of Cape Town in the region.     

美国联邦宪法基本人权保障的发展路径

从中世纪英格兰开始，再延续至北美殖民时代，对普通法体系建立和权力法案的形成沿革进行详细的阐述，以美国独立宣言、宪法前言及人权典章所构筑的宪法优先原则，透过美国联邦最高法院的审查，形成限制国家权力的框架，具体落实宪法规范之最高性及权力分立，借此保障基本人权。